{"id":12197,"date":"2023-01-30T08:55:22","date_gmt":"2023-01-30T07:55:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197"},"modified":"2023-01-30T08:55:22","modified_gmt":"2023-01-30T07:55:22","slug":"natural-variation-in-toxicity-of-wheat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat"},"content":{"rendered":"

Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat: Potential for Selection of Nontoxic Varieties for Celiac Disease Patients (and useful for disease prevention in individuals at risk)<\/strong>
\nLiesbeth Dekking, Harry Jonker et al. Article in Gastroenterology \u00b7 October 2005. DOI: 10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.06.017 \u00b7 Source: PubMed<\/p>\n

\u201cBackground & Aims: Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal disorder caused by T-cell responses to peptides derived from the gluten proteins present in wheat. Such peptides have been found both in the gliadin and glutenin proteins in gluten. The only cure for CD is a lifelong gluten-free diet. It is unknown, however, if all wheat varieties are equally harmful for patients. We investigated whether wheat varieties exist with a nat- ural low number of T-cell\u2013stimulatory epitopes. Methods: Gluten proteins present in public databases were analyzed for the presence of T-cell\u2013stimulatory sequences. In addition, wheat accessions from diploid (AA, SS\/BB, and DD genomes), tetraploid (AABB), and hexaploid (AABBDD) Triticum species were tested for the presence of T-cell\u2013stimulatory epitopes in gliadins and glutenins by both T-cell and monoclonal anti-body\u2013based assays. Results: The database analysis readily identi\ufb01ed gluten proteins that lack 1 or more of the known T-cell\u2013stimulatory sequences. Moreover, both the T-cell\u2013 and antibody-based assays showed that a large variation exists in the amount of T-cell\u2013 stimulatory peptides present in the wheat accessions. Conclusions: Suf\ufb01cient genetic variation is present to endeavor the selection of wheat accessions that con- tain low amounts of T-cell\u2013stimulatory sequences. Such materials may be used to select and breed wheat varieties suitable for consumption by CD patients, contributing to a well-balanced diet and an increase in their quality of life. Such varieties also may be useful for disease prevention in individuals at risk.\u201d<\/p>\n

The study also recalls the influence of gluten intake on early childhood nutrition:<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is known that early exposure to gluten and a double HLA-DQ2 gene dose both promote CD development. In Sweden the addition of gluten to infant food led to a 5-fold increase in the occurrence of CD in the 1980s,and HLA-DQ2 homozygous individuals have a 5-fold increased risk for developing CD com pared with HLA-DQ2 heterozygous individuals. A large repertoire of abundant immunogenic gluten peptides in the diet, together with a high copy number of HLA-DQ2, thus favors the breaking of oral tolerance. In present-day practice, gluten is introduced into the diet of infants at 6\u20137 months of age. Because there is no restriction in the amount of gluten given, gluten intake at age 12 months is between 6 and 9 g\/day, whereas gluten-speci\ufb01c T cells of CD patients are known to respond to microgram amounts. The sudden introduction of grams of gluten thus may play an important role in the breaking of oral tolerance. As we have suggested previously, the current understand- ing of the development of the disease may call for a more gradual and\/or reduced intake of gluten in infants. The breeding of wheat varieties with a lower amount of T-cell\u2013stimulatory gluten peptides potentially could aid in reaching that goal.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2026.omissis “Wheat gluten is a group of proteins that can be partitioned into 2 protein families: the glutenins and the gliadins. The glutenins can be subdivided further into high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins and the gliadins can be divided into \u03b1, \u03b3 and \u03c9 gliadins. At present, many gluten- derived T-cell\u2013stimulatory peptides are known and they originate from the \u03b1, and \u03b3-gliadins, and the HMW and LMW glutenins. Homologue sequences are found in the secalins of rye, the hordeins of barley, and the avenins of oats. Gluten and gluten-like molecules thus contain many immunogenic peptides. Moreover, the unique food-industrial properties of gluten are in part related to a very high proline content that renders gluten relatively resistant to enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, many of the immunogenic gluten peptides are likely to survive for extended periods in the intestine, increasing the probability of triggering a T-cell response. Thus, the unique properties of gluten are linked tightly to their disease- inducing potential in CD patients”.<\/p>\n

Deepening<\/strong>
\nCeliac disease is a prevalent disorder characterized by a chronic intestinal inflammation driven by HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8-restricted T cells specific for ingested wheat gluten peptides. The dominant T-cell responses are to epitopes that cluster within a stable 33mer fragment formed by physiologic digestion of distinct alpha-gliadins. Celiac disease is treated by excluding all gluten proteins from the diet. Conceivably, a diet based on baking-quality gluten from a wheat species that expresses no or few T-cell stimulatory gluten peptides should be equally well tolerated by the celiac patients and, importantly, also be beneficial for disease prevention. To identify baking quality, harmless wheat, we followed the evolution of the wheat back to the species that most likely have contributed the AA, BB, and DD genomes to the bread wheat. Gluten were extracted from a large collection of these ancient wheat species and screened for T-cell stimulatory gluten peptides. Distinct differences in the intestinal T-cell responses to the diploid species were identified. Interestingly, we found that the fragments identical or equivalent to the immunodominant 33mer fragment are encoded by alpha-gliadin genes on the wheat chromosome 6D and thus absent from gluten of diploid einkorn (AA) and even certain cultivars of the tetraploid (AABB) pasta wheat. These findings have implications for celiac disease because they raise the prospect of identifying or producing by breeding wheat species with low or absent levels of harmful gluten proteins.
\nMapping of Gluten T-Cell Epitopes in the Bread Wheat Ancestors: Implications for Celiac Disease. Tore Jensen et al. March 2005 Gastroenterology 128(2):393-401; DOI:10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.003<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat: Potential for Selection of Nontoxic Varieties for Celiac Disease Patients (and useful for disease prevention in individuals at risk) Liesbeth Dekking, Harry Jonker et al. Article in Gastroenterology \u00b7 October 2005. DOI: 10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.06.017 \u00b7 Source: PubMed \u201cBackground & Aims: Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal disorder caused by T-cell […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[1717],"class_list":["post-12197","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-article","tag-gluten-and-infants"],"yoast_head":"\nNatural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat - Glutenlight<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat - Glutenlight\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat: Potential for Selection of Nontoxic Varieties for Celiac Disease Patients (and useful for disease prevention in individuals at risk) Liesbeth Dekking, Harry Jonker et al. Article in Gastroenterology \u00b7 October 2005. DOI: 10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.06.017 \u00b7 Source: PubMed \u201cBackground & Aims: Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal disorder caused by T-cell […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Glutenlight\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-01-30T07:55:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"luciano\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Scritto da\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"luciano\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo di lettura stimato\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minuti\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"luciano\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/ce85ed8d5ff511199b9e80b95af8990d\"},\"headline\":\"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-01-30T07:55:22+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en\"},\"wordCount\":930,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"gluten and infants\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Article\"],\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en\",\"name\":\"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat - Glutenlight\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-01-30T07:55:22+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/\",\"name\":\"Glutenlight\",\"description\":\"grani con glutine leggero e tollerabile\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Gluten Light\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Logo-di-Gluten-Light-con-simbolo-solare.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Logo-di-Gluten-Light-con-simbolo-solare.jpg\",\"width\":1113,\"height\":648,\"caption\":\"Gluten Light\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/ce85ed8d5ff511199b9e80b95af8990d\",\"name\":\"luciano\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/32520888e50495c97b3dcb1eb9761e897db01ea203f0c45a441dc878d64c05b1?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/32520888e50495c97b3dcb1eb9761e897db01ea203f0c45a441dc878d64c05b1?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"luciano\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?author=2\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat - Glutenlight","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en","og_locale":"it_IT","og_type":"article","og_title":"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat - Glutenlight","og_description":"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat: Potential for Selection of Nontoxic Varieties for Celiac Disease Patients (and useful for disease prevention in individuals at risk) Liesbeth Dekking, Harry Jonker et al. Article in Gastroenterology \u00b7 October 2005. DOI: 10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.06.017 \u00b7 Source: PubMed \u201cBackground & Aims: Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal disorder caused by T-cell […]","og_url":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en","og_site_name":"Glutenlight","article_published_time":"2023-01-30T07:55:22+00:00","author":"luciano","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Scritto da":"luciano","Tempo di lettura stimato":"5 minuti"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en"},"author":{"name":"luciano","@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/ce85ed8d5ff511199b9e80b95af8990d"},"headline":"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat","datePublished":"2023-01-30T07:55:22+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en"},"wordCount":930,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#organization"},"keywords":["gluten and infants"],"articleSection":["Article"],"inLanguage":"it-IT"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en","url":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en","name":"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat - Glutenlight","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-01-30T07:55:22+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"it-IT","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12197&lang=en#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Natural Variation in Toxicity of Wheat"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/","name":"Glutenlight","description":"grani con glutine leggero e tollerabile","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"it-IT"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#organization","name":"Gluten Light","url":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"it-IT","@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Logo-di-Gluten-Light-con-simbolo-solare.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Logo-di-Gluten-Light-con-simbolo-solare.jpg","width":1113,"height":648,"caption":"Gluten Light"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/ce85ed8d5ff511199b9e80b95af8990d","name":"luciano","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"it-IT","@id":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/32520888e50495c97b3dcb1eb9761e897db01ea203f0c45a441dc878d64c05b1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/32520888e50495c97b3dcb1eb9761e897db01ea203f0c45a441dc878d64c05b1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"luciano"},"url":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?author=2"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12197","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12197"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12197\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12199,"href":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12197\/revisions\/12199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12197"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12197"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12197"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}