{"id":12926,"date":"2026-02-08T23:51:04","date_gmt":"2026-02-08T22:51:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12926"},"modified":"2026-02-23T09:07:12","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T08:07:12","slug":"varietal-evolution-and-quality-in-durum-wheat-triticum-turgidum-subsp-durum-from-traditional-populations-to-modern-cultivars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=12926&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Varietal Evolution and Quality in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum): from Traditional Populations to Modern Cultivars"},"content":{"rendered":"

This work examines the varietal evolution of durum wheat, from traditional local populations (landraces) to modern cultivars, highlighting the relationship between genetic improvement, agricultural transformation, productivity, and grain quality.<\/p>\n

In the earliest historical phase, durum wheat cultivation relied on genetically heterogeneous local populations, well adapted to specific environments but characterized by low yields and high phenotypic variability. With the advent of scientific plant breeding, between the late nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century, these populations were progressively replaced by varieties obtained through the selection of pure lines. These new cultivars were more uniform and better suited to mechanization and to the requirements of the processing industry.<\/p>\n

The document describes the main phases of durum wheat genetic improvement in Italy: from genealogical selection based on landraces (1920\u20131950), to the development of varieties derived from controlled crosses between Mediterranean and Syrian genotypes (1950s\u20131960s), and subsequently to more advanced approaches such as interspecific hybridization, induced mutagenesis, and the introduction of dwarfing genes (Rht) aimed at reducing plant height and increasing the harvest index.<\/p>\n

Particular attention is given to the key role of historical cultivars such as Senatore Cappelli, which for decades represented the benchmark for both productivity and quality in Italian durum wheat, as well as to the later varieties that progressively replaced it due to higher yields and improved resistance to lodging and biotic stresses.<\/p>\n

The work also emphasizes that, alongside productivity gains, agricultural intensification and the widespread adoption of genetically uniform cultivars have led to genetic erosion. This makes the conservation of germplasm, through both in situ and ex situ strategies, increasingly important. In conclusion, durum wheat breeding is presented as a dynamic process, closely linked to agronomic innovation, market demands, and the need to balance productivity, quality, and biodiversity conservation. Authors: Rosella Motzo, Francesco Giunta, Simonetta Fois. Coordinator: Prof. Mauro Deidda<\/em><\/strong>
\nYear: 2001. Co-funding body: Banco di Sardegna Foundation (note 1154\/4135 of 12\/18\/2001)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Updates to date (key advances):<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Reference genome del frumento duro (base per tutte le analisi moderne)
\nTitle: Durum wheat genome highlights past domestication signatures and future improvement targets
\nAuthors: Maccaferri, Harris, Twardziok, et al.
\nYear: 2019
\nDOI: 10.1038\/s41588-019-0381-3 (PubMed)
\nRiassunto: Primo riferimento \u201cchiave\u201d con assemblaggio genomico del duro (cv. Svevo) e analisi di diversit\u00e0\/geni target: ha abilitato GWAS pi\u00f9 robuste, identificazione di regioni selezionate durante domesticazione\/miglioramento e nuovi bersagli per qualit\u00e0 e resa.<\/p>\n

2) Speed breeding applicato specificamente al frumento duro (accelerare generazioni + selezione multi-tratto)
\nTitle: Speed breeding for multiple quantitative traits in durum wheat
\nAuthors: Alahmad et al.
\nYear: 2018
\nDOI: 10.1186\/s13007-018-0302-y (PubMed)
\nRiassunto: Protocollo sperimentale per velocizzare cicli generazionali e fare selezione precoce su pi\u00f9 caratteri quantitativi (non solo uno), utile per accelerare pyramiding di tratti (resa, fenologia, architettura, ecc.).<\/p>\n

3) Genomic selection + GWAS in frumento duro (metodi moderni per prevedere resa\/qualit\u00e0)
\nTitle: Genetic dissection of agronomic and quality traits based on association mapping and genomic selection approaches in durum wheat grown in Southern Spain
\nAuthors: M\u00e9rida-Garc\u00eda et al.
\nYear: 2019
\nDOI: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0211718 (PLOS)
\nRiassunto: Combina association mapping (GWAS) e genomic selection su tratti agronomici e qualitativi: \u00e8 un esempio \u201ccompleto\u201d di pipeline moderna (scoperta di loci + predizione genomica per selezione).<\/p>\n

4) Fenotipizzazione ad alta capacit\u00e0 (iperspettrale) per stress caldo\/siccit\u00e0 + genetica della resa
\nTitle: High-throughput phenotyping using hyperspectral indicators supports the genetic dissection of yield in durum wheat grown under heat and drought stress
\nAuthors: M\u00e9rida-Garc\u00eda et al.
\nYear: 2024
\nDOI: 10.3389\/fpls.2024.1470520 (PubMed)
\nRiassunto: Porta \u201cnovit\u00e0\u201d sul metodo: usa indicatori iperspettrali come proxy fisiologici per analizzare resa sotto stress, collegandoli alla genetica (utile per selezione in ambienti climate-stress).<\/p>\n

5) Genomica + partecipazione agricoltori (local adaptation, \u201cparticipatory genomics\u201d)
\nTitle: Genomics-driven breeding for local adaptation of durum wheat\u2026
\nAuthors: Gesesse et al.
\nYear: 2023
\nDOI: (indicizzato su PubMed; verificabile nella scheda articolo) (PubMed)
\nRiassunto: Integra dati genomici con selezione\/valutazioni degli agricoltori (contesti low-input): introduce un approccio pi\u00f9 \u201creal-world\u201d per migliorare adattamento locale e adozione varietale.<\/p>\n

6) Dalle landraces agli aplotipi (integrazione \u201cgenomic + phenomic\u201d per adattamento climatico)
\nTitle: From landraces to haplotypes, exploiting a genomic and phenomic\u2026
\nAuthors: Palermo et al.
\nYear: 2024
\nDOI: (presente nella pagina articolo ScienceDirect) (ScienceDirect)
\nRiassunto: Usa tecniche avanzate per caratterizzare landraces (es. SSD, dati genomici + fenomici) per trovare materiale \u201cponte\u201d tra variet\u00e0 commerciali e resilienza a caldo\/siccit\u00e0.<\/p>\n

7) CRISPR in frumento (dimostrazioni di editing multi-gene con impatto su qualit\u00e0\/sicurezza alimentare)
\nTitle: CRISPR-Cas9 Multiplex Editing of the \u03b1-Amylase\/Trypsin Inhibitor Genes\u2026
\nAuthors: Camerlengo et al.
\nYear: 2020
\nDOI: 10.3389\/fsufs.2020.00104 (Frontiers)
\nRiassunto: Esempio di multiplex editing (pi\u00f9 geni insieme) per ridurre componenti proteiche potenzialmente problematiche; dimostra velocit\u00e0\/precisione dell\u2019editing rispetto al breeding convenzionale.<\/p>\n

8) Protocolli\/metodologia CRISPR per wheat (come \u201ctoolbox\u201d operativo)
\nTitle: CRISPR-Cas9 Based Genome Editing in Wheat
\nAuthors: Smedley et al.
\nYear: 2021
\nDOI: 10.1002\/cpz1.65 (currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
\nRiassunto: Non \u00e8 solo \u201crisultato\u201d, ma un riferimento pratico: design sgRNA, costrutti, workflow sperimentale per implementare CRISPR in wheat.<\/p>\n

9) Review \u201cstato dell\u2019arte\u201d specifica su duro (trend e metodi emergenti)
\nTitle: Future of durum wheat research and breeding: Insights from early career researchers
\nAuthors: Haugrud et al.
\nYear: 2024
\nDOI: 10.1002\/tpg2.20453 (acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
\nRiassunto: Sintesi aggiornata su dove sta andando la ricerca: nuove fonti di variabilit\u00e0, genomica, fenomica, breeding per stress e qualit\u00e0, e priorit\u00e0 future.<\/p>\n

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This work examines the varietal evolution of durum wheat, from traditional local populations (landraces) to modern cultivars, highlighting the relationship between genetic improvement, agricultural transformation, productivity, and grain quality. 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