{"id":1651,"date":"2019-12-12T14:59:26","date_gmt":"2019-12-12T13:59:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=1651"},"modified":"2019-12-12T15:01:28","modified_gmt":"2019-12-12T14:01:28","slug":"bakary-products-and-gluten-free","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=1651&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Bakary products and gluten-free"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The main problem of gluten-free products is to create a protein network within the \ufb02our proteins so that final products met the consumer\u2019s expectations concerning texture and appearance of the fresh bread.<br \/>\nTo achieve this purpose they are used:<\/p>\n<p>1. hydrocolloids for building an internal network able to hold the structure of fermented products;<br \/>\n2. di\ufb00erent crosslinking enzymes such as glucose oxidase (1), transglutaminase and laccase to create a protein network within the \ufb02our proteins.<\/p>\n<p>A &#8211; Extract from: \u201cGluten-Free Products for Celiac Susceptible People. Sweta Rai, Amarjeet Kaur and C. S. Chopra. \u201c<\/p>\n<p>TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR MIMING GLUTEN IN GLUTEN-FREE BAKERY PRODUCTS<br \/>\nThe formulation of gluten-free bakery products is still a challenge to both for cereal-cum-baking technologists. Replacing gluten functionality has been a challenge for food technologists. The absence of gluten leads to weak cohesion and elastic doughs which results in a crumbling texture, poor color, and low speci\ufb01c volume in bread. Hence, during the last few years, numerous studies have been attempted for improving the physical properties of gluten-free foods, especially baked and fermented foods, by utilizing the interaction of the many ingredients and additives which could mimic the property of gluten (28). Approaches proposed for obtaining gluten-free baked foods include the utilization of di\ufb00erent naturally gluten-free \ufb02ours (rice, maize, sorghum, soy, buckwheat) and starches (maize, potato, cassava, rice), dairy ingredients (caseinate, skim milk powder, dry milk, whey), gums and hydrocolloids (guar and xanthan gums, alginate, carrageenan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose), emulsi\ufb01ers (DATEM, SSL, lecithins), non-gluten proteins from milk, eggs, legumes and pulses, enzymes (cyclodextrin glycosyl tranferases, transglutaminase, proteases, glucose oxidase, laccase), and non-starch polysaccharides (inulin, galactooligosaccharides) (Table 1). Strengthening additives or processing aids has been fundamental for miming gluten\u2019s iscoelastic properties (93), where mainly hydrocolloids have been used for building an internal network able to hold the structure of fermented products. Simultaneously with the same intention, di\ufb00erent crosslinking enzymes such as glucose oxidase, transglutaminase, and laccase have been used to create a protein network within the \ufb02our proteins (94). However, the success of gluten-free products relied on the type of e\ufb00ect of the enzymes as gluten-free processing aids, type of \ufb02our, enzyme source, and level. Generally, the combinations of ingredients and the optimization of the breadmaking process have resolved the technological problems, yielding gluten-free products that met the consumer\u2019s expectations concerning texture and appearance of the fresh bread (95).<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><br \/>\nB &#8211; Extract from:<\/p>\n<p>NUTRITIONALEVALUATION OF THE GLUTEN FREE DIET<br \/>\nPh.D. Tutor: Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Nicoletta Pellegrini<br \/>\nPh.D. Coordinator: Chiar.mo Prof. Furio Brighenti<br \/>\nPh.D. Student: Teresa Mazzeo<br \/>\nUNIVERSIT\u00c0 DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti Dottorato in Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari Ciclo XXVI<\/p>\n<p>\u201c omissis Le diverse tipologie di amidi senza glutine commerciali utilizzati nella produzione di prodotti da forno sono per lo pi\u00f9 quelli di riso, manioca, patate e mais (Houben et al., 2012). Accanto agli amidi nativi, vengono utilizzati nell&#8217;industria alimentare anche gli amidi modificati. Essi sono prodotti a partire da amidi nativi mediante trattamento chimico, enzimatico, meccanico e\/o termico (Houben et al., 2012). Nella produzione di pane senza glutine, la funzione degli amidi \u00e8 quella di trattenere l&#8217;acqua, e di influenzare la temperatura di gelatinizzazione e la viscosit\u00e0 dell\u2019impasto. Sono utilizzati anche come agenti addensanti in quanto stabilizzano la struttura dell\u2019impasto e possono diminuire il processo di retrogradazione dell\u2019amido (Houben et al., 2012).Nella formulazione dei prodotti senza glutine trovano largo impiego anche le gomme e altri polimeri che per le loro caratteristiche chimico-fisiche si comportano come idrocolloidi. Questi ingredienti sono composti di natura polisaccaridica e si ottengono per estrazioneda piante, alghe o da microorganismi. Gli idrocolloidi hanno una spiccata affinit\u00e0 per l&#8217;acqua e il loro impiego \u00e8 finalizzato a migliorare alcune caratteristiche organolettiche del prodotto senza glutine, quali la palatabilit\u00e0, oltre a prolungarne la shelf-life. L&#8217;aggiunta di questi additivi alimentari, detti addensanti, a basse concentrazioni (0.5%) permette di ottenere una buona consistenza dell\u2019impasto e migliori qualit\u00e0 organolettiche dei prodotti. A questo proposito, \u00e8 stato dimostrato che le gomme e i composti idrocolloidi pi\u00f9 efficaci sono la idrossipropilmetilcellulosa, la gomma di carruba, quella di guar, la carragenina e la gomma xantana (Mariotti et al., 2009). Altri ingredienti importanti nella formulazione di prodotti senza glutine sono gli oli e i grassi, composti principalmente da trigliceridi degli acidi grassi, ottenuti da fonti vegetali e animali. Essi svolgono numerose e importanti funzioni tecnologiche nei prodotti alimentari (aerazione degli impasti, ritenzione dei gas, azione anti-raffermamento), grazie all\u2019instaurarsi di interazioni chimiche e fisiche con gli altri ingredienti (es. amido, proteine), fin dalle prime fasi di lavorazione dell\u2019impasto. Il risultato macroscopico di queste interazioni \u00e8 rappresentato dall\u2019ottenimento di prodotti con caratteristiche di texture e palatabilit\u00e0 desiderate. Oltre agli addensanti e gelificanti, anche ilipidi polari ed gli emulsionanti sono molecole in grado di simulare le propriet\u00e0 funzionali del glutine attraverso la formazione di legami tra amido e proteine, e di aumentare il volume dell\u2019impasto e la ritenzione dei gas. Defloor et al. (1991) hanno dimostrato che un aumento del volume del pane senza glutine, un cambiamento della viscosit\u00e0 dell&#8217;impasto e una diminuzione del processo di essiccazione della mollica sono raggiungibili con l&#8217;uso di glicerolo monostearato.<br \/>\nPoich\u00e9 i prodotti senza glutinesono ottenuti in prevalenza con farine raffinate o amidi, il loro apporto in fibra \u00e8 molto ridotto. Infatti, nella produzione di farina di riso bianco, la lolla e la crusca, ricche di fibra e micronutrienti, vengono rimosse dal risone. Pertanto il prodotto risultante contiene solo quantit\u00e0 trascurabili di fibra (0,4g\/100g) (Hager et al., 2012). La fibra alimentare \u00e8 comunemente suddivisa in fibrasolubile e insolubile. La solubile \u00e8 legata alla riduzione dei livelli di colesterolo nel siero e ad una riduzione della risposta glicemica postprandiale. Hager e colleghi (2012) hanno dimostrato che la farina di mais pur essendo caratterizzata da un\u2019elevata percentuale di fibra solubile (24%) il suo contenuto risulta comunque inferiore rispetto alla farina di frumento (39%). In considerazione del basso contenuto di fibra delle materie prime utilizzate per la produzione degli alimenti senza glutine, da diversi anni sono stati introdotti nella formulazione di questi degli ingredienti come le fibre estratte da diverse matrici vegetali (es. piselli e barbabietola) o inulina.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Note<br \/>\n(1) &#8211; L&#8217;enzima glucosio-ossidasi catalizza l\u2019ossidazione del beta-glucosio in presenza di ossigeno. I prodotti di reazione sono il D-gluconico e l\u2019acqua ossigenata che svolgono una azione direttamente sulle unit\u00e0 solfidriliche libere dando legami disolfuro, aumento di volume, gelificazione dei pentosani solubili oltre ad una diretta azione sbiancante (acqua ossigenata) sui pigmenti naturali.<br \/>\nDepeening<br \/>\n\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/en\/2019\/12\/12\/gluten-free-products-for-celiac-susceptible-people-3\/\">Gluten-Free Products for Celiac Susceptible People. Sweta Rai, Amarjeet Kaur and C. S. Chopra. \u201c Front. Nutr. 17 December 2018<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The main problem of gluten-free products is to create a protein network within the \ufb02our proteins so that final products met the consumer\u2019s expectations concerning texture and appearance of the fresh bread. To achieve this purpose they are used: 1. hydrocolloids for building an internal network able to hold the structure of fermented products; 2. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[933,935,937,939,941,927,929,931],"class_list":["post-1651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-article","tag-alginate","tag-carrageenan","tag-glute-free-en","tag-glutefree-en","tag-guar-en","tag-gums","tag-hydrocolloids","tag-xanthan-gums"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bakary products and gluten-free - Glutenlight<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/glutenlight.eu\/?p=1651&lang=en\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bakary products and gluten-free - Glutenlight\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The main problem of gluten-free products is to create a protein network within the \ufb02our proteins so that final products met the consumer\u2019s expectations concerning texture and appearance of the fresh bread. To achieve this purpose they are used: 1. hydrocolloids for building an internal network able to hold the structure of fermented products; 2. 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