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Reazioni avverse al grano o a componenti del grano.

by luciano

La ricerca che presentiamo è un ottimo compendio delle attuali conoscenze sulla sensibilità al glutine non celiaca

“Riassunto: il grano è un alimento base importante a livello globale e fornisce un contributo significativo all’apporto giornaliero di energia, fibre e micronutrienti. Il consumo di più cereali integrali, tra cui il grano, contribuisce a ridurre il rischio del diabete, delle malattie cardiovascolari e del cancro del colon. Tuttavia, i componenti specifici del grano possono anche provocare reazioni fisiche avverse in soggetti sensibili come la celiachia (CD) e l’allergia al grano (WA). Recentemente i media hanno evidenziato una stretta correlazione tra consumo di grano ed effetti negativi sulla salute. Ciò ha motivato molti consumatori a evitare o ridurre il consumo di alimenti che contengono grano / glutine, nonostante l’assenza di CD o WA diagnosticati, sollevando domande sui meccanismi sottostanti e sui possibili effetti di nocebo. Tuttavia, studi recenti hanno dimostrato che alcuni soggetti possono soffrire di reazioni avverse in assenza di CD e WA. Questa condizione è chiamata sensibilità al glutine non celiaca (NCGS) o sensibilità al grano non celiaca (NCWS). Oltre al glutine, il grano e i prodotti derivati contengono molti altri componenti che possono scatenare sintomi, tra cui inibitori dell’α-amilasi e tripsina (ATI), lectine e carboidrati a fermentazione rapida (FODMAP). Inoltre, il modo in cui vengono elaborati gli alimenti, come l’uso di lievito o la fermentazione a lievito naturale, i tempi di fermentazione e le condizioni di cottura, possono influenzare la presenza e la bioattività di questi componenti. La presente recensione descrive sistematicamente le caratteristiche delle intolleranze legate al grano, tra cui l’eziologia, la prevalenza, i componenti responsabili, la diagnosi e le strategie per ridurre le reazioni avverse.
Extract from the study:
Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity
During recent years a third group of people has been classified who experience symptoms after eating wheat products, but have been diagnosed not to suffer from either WA or CD. Mostly these individuals are self diagnosed wheat intolerant/sensitive. In these individuals, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like gastrointestinal symptoms and extra-intestinal complaints occur, which improve on a gluten-free diet. This group of patients is referred to as “non-celiac gluten sensitivity” (NCGS), or the more recently, “non-celiac wheat sensitivity” (NCWS). Di Sabatino emphasizes that NCWS is not a homogeneous disease syndrome (such as CD and WA), but rather a heterogeneous syndrome (Di Sabatino & Corazza, 2012). It is probable that the underlying causes and mechanisms are not the same for all people with NCWS and that reactions may be caused by different components of wheat or grain (products) and involving different host factors. Ludvigsson et al. (2013) defined NCGS as follows: one or more of a variety of immunological, morphological, or symptomatic manifestations that are precipitated by the ingestion of gluten in individuals in whom CD has been excluded. However, despite the word “gluten” in the currently most cited definition “NCGS,” it is far from certain that the gluten is the (main) cause of the symptoms observed. The more recent term “NCWS” was adopted since it was noted that gluten (NCGS) may not be the real cause (Biesiekierski, Peters, et al., 2013; Skodje et al., 2018). For that reason, we will use the term NCWS as most appropriate in the remainder of this article.

Antinutrienti

by luciano

Cosa sono gli antinutrienti?
I composti antinutrizionali o antinutrienti sono sostanze naturali o di sintesi che interferiscono con il metabolismo e l’assorbimento dei nutrienti. Sono presenti sia negli organismi vegetali, dove svolgono funzioni strutturali, di riserva o di difesa contro eventuali predatori, sia negli organismi animali (es. tossine e ammine biologiche presenti nei molluschi o nei pesci, nei derivati del latte e nel vino). Possono anche formarsi dai processi di degradazione, di cottura (es.ammine eterocicliche delle carni cotte) o di conservazione degli alimenti, o essere presenti come contaminanti ambientali, microbici, fungini o xenobiotici (agrofarmaci, ormoni, etc).
Gli antinutrienti possono essere classificati in base all’azione che svolgono:
• riducono la digestione proteica e l’utilizzazione delle proteine (es. inibitori della tripsina e della chimotripsina, lectine o emoagglutinine, composti fenolici, saponine);
• interferiscono con la digestione dei carboidrati (es. inibitori dell’amilasi, composti polifenolici, fattori di flautolenza);
• disturbano la digestione e l’azione dei sali minerali (glicosinolati, acido ossalico, acido fitico, gossipolo);
• inattivano le vitamine o causano un incremento del loro fabbisogno (antivitamine);
• producono un effetto tossico ( es. afla-tosine, nitrati).
• stimolano il sistema immunitario (istamina, antigeni).

Assenza della gliadina ω-5 nel grano monococcum (Einkorn)

by luciano

Le omega gliadine, soprattutto la omega-5 gliadina termostabile, sono responsabili dell’anafilassi grano-dipendente indotta dall’esercizio fisico (wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, WDEIA) diffusa principalmente tra gli adulti.
“Wheat [Triticum aestivum (T.a.)] ingestion can cause a specific allergic reaction, which is called wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA). The major allergen involved is ω-5 gliadin, a gluten protein coded by genes located on the B genome. Our aim was to study the immunoreactivity of proteins in Triticum monococcum (einkorn, T.m.), a diploid ancestral wheat lacking B chromosomes, for possible use in the production of hypoallergenic foods. A total of 14 patients with a clear history of WDEIA and specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) to ω-5 gliadin were enrolled. Skin prick test (SPT) with a commercial wheat extract and an in-house T.a. gluten diagnostic solution tested positive for 43 and 100% of the cases, respectively. No reactivity in patients tested with solutions prepared from four T.m. accessions was observed. The immunoblotting of T.m. gluten proteins performed with the sera of patients showed different IgE-binding profiles with respect to T.a., confirming the absence of ω-5 gliadin. A general lower immunoreactivity of T.m. gluten proteins with scarce cross-reactivity to ω-5 gliadin epitopes was assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Given the absence of reactivity by SPT and the limited cross-reactivity with ω-5 gliadin, T.m. might represent a potential candidate in the production of hypoallergenic bakery products for patients sensitized to ω-5 gliadin. Further analyses need to be carried out regarding its safety”. Study on the Immunoreactivity of Triticum monococcum (Einkorn) Wheat in Patients with Wheat-Dependent Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis for the Production of Hypoallergenic Foods. Lombardo Cet altri J Agric Food Chem. 2015

Sensitivity to wheat, gluten and FODMAPs in IBS: facts or fiction?

by luciano

Roberto De Giorgio, Umberto Volta, Peter R Gibson. Published Online First 15 June 2015. Gut 2016; 65:169–178.

Riassunto
La sindrome dell’intestino irritabile (IBS) è uno dei tipi più comuni di disturbo funzionale intestinale. Una crescente attenzione è stata data al ruolo causale del cibo nell’IBS. L’ingestione di cibo fa precipitare o aggrava i sintomi, come dolore addominale e gonfiore nei pazienti con IBS attraverso diversi meccanismi ipotizzati tra cui l’attivazione immunitaria e dei mastociti, la stimolazione dei meccanorecettori e l’attivazione chemosensoriale. Il grano è considerato uno dei fattori scatenanti dell’IBS più rilevanti, anche se i componenti di questo cereale coinvolti rimangono sconosciuti. Il glutine, altre proteine, del grano, ad esempio gli inibitori dell’amilasi-tripsina e i fruttani (questi ultimi appartenenti a oligo-di-mono-saccaridi e polioli fermentabili = FODMAP), sono stati identificati come possibili fattori per la generazione / esacerbazione dei sintomi. Questa incertezza sul vero colpevole o colpevoli ha aperto uno scenario di definizioni semantiche favorite dai risultati discordanti degli studi controllati in doppio cieco controllati con placebo, che hanno generato vari termini che vanno dalla sensibilità al glutine non celiaca a quella più ampia del grano non celiaco o sensibilità alle proteine del grano o, persino, sensibilità FODMAP. Il ruolo dei FODMAP nel suscitare il quadro clinico dell’IBS va oltre, poiché questi carboidrati a catena corta si trovano in molti altri componenti dietetici, tra cui frutta e verdura. In questa recensione, abbiamo valutato la letteratura attuale al fine di scoprire se la sensibilità al glutine / grano / FODMAP rappresenti “fatti” e non “fiction” nei sintomi dell’IBS. Questa conoscenza dovrebbe promuovere la standardizzazione nelle strategie dietetiche (senza glutine / senza grano e FODMAP basso) come misure efficaci per la gestione dei sintomi IBS.

ABSTRACT
IBS is one of the most common types of functional bowel disorder. Increasing attention has been paid to the causative role of food in IBS. Food ingestion precipitates or exacerbates symptoms, such as abdominal pain and bloating in patients with IBS through different hypothesised mechanisms including immune and mast cell activation, mechanoreceptor stimulation and chemosensory activation. Wheat is regarded as one of the most relevant IBS triggers, although which component(s) of this cereal is/are involved remain(s) unknown. Gluten, other wheat proteins, for example, amylase-trypsin inhibitors, and fructans (the latter belonging to fermentable oligo-di-mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAPs)), have been identified as possible factors for symptom generation/exacerbation. This uncertainty on the true culprit(s) opened a scenario of semantic definitions favoured by the discordant results of double-blind placebo-controlled trials, which have generated various terms ranging from non-coeliac gluten sensitivity to the broader one of non-coeliac wheat or wheat protein sensitivity or, even, FODMAP sensitivity. The role of FODMAPs in eliciting the clinical picture of IBS goes further since these short-chain carbohydrates are found in many other dietary components, including vegetables and fruits. In this review, we assessed current literature in order to unravel whether gluten/wheat/FODMAP sensitivity represent ‘facts’ and not ‘fiction’ in IBS symptoms. This knowledge is expected to promote standardisation in dietary strategies (gluten/wheat-free and low FODMAP) as effective measures for the management of IBS symptoms.

Extract from study:

WHEAT SENSITIVITY
Wheat is considered one of the foods known to evoke IBS symptoms. However, which component(s) of wheat is/are actually responsible for these clinical effects still remain(s) an unsettled issue. The two parts of wheat that are thought to have a mechanistic effect comprise proteins (primarily, but not exclusively, gluten) and carbohydrates (primarily indigestible short-chain components, FODMAPs). Two distinct views characterise the clinical debate: one line identifies wheat proteins as a precipitating/perpetuating factor leading to symptoms, while the other believes that FODMAPs are the major trigger for IBS.

The controversy over nomenclature
If gluten is a major trigger for IBS, it expands the gluten-related disorders by adding a new entity now referred to as non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). Indeed, coeliac disease-like abnormalities were reported in a subgroup of patients with IBS many years ago. A recent expert group of researchers reached unanimous consensus attesting the existence of a syndrome triggered by gluten ingestion. This syndrome recognises a wide spectrum of symptoms and manifestations including an IBS-like phenotype, along with an extra-intestinal phenotype, that is, malaise, fatigue, headache, numbness, mental confusion (‘brain fog’), anxiety, sleep abnormalities, fibromyalgia-like symptoms and skin rash. In addition, other possible clinical features include gastroesophageal reflux disease, aphthous stomatitis, anaemia, depression, asthma and rhinitis. Symptoms or other manifestations occur shortly after gluten consumption and disappear or recur in a few hours (or days) after gluten withdrawal or challenge. A fundamental prerequisite for suspecting NCGS is to rule out all the established gluten/wheat disorders, comprising coeliac disease (CD), gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis and wheat allergy. The major issue not addressed by the consensus opinion was that gluten is only one protein contained within wheat. Other proteins, such as amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), are strong activators of innate immune responses in monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Furthermore, wheat germ agglutinin, which has epithelial-damaging and immune effects at very low doses at least in vitro, might also contribute to both intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations of NCGS. Consequently, a further development of this research field led to suggestions of a broader term, non-coeliac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). The problems with this term are twofold. First, rye and barley may be inappropriately excluded. Second, the term will refer to any wheat component that might be causally related to induction of symptoms and, therefore, will also include fructans (FODMAPs). It will then have a very nonspecific connotation in IBS. A more correct term would then be non-coeliac wheat protein sensitivity (NCWPS) since this does not attribute effects to gluten without evidence of such specificity, eliminates the issue of fructan-induced symptoms and avoids the unknown contribution of rye and barley proteins to the symptoms. Both NCGS, the currently accepted term, and NCWPS will be used subsequently in this paper.