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Quantificazione del 33-mer presente nell’alfa gliadina del grano

by luciano

Nel grano sono presenti molteplici frazioni in grado di attivare la risposta avversa del sistema immunitario dell’uomo. Tra queste frazioni la più attiva è quella chiamata 33-mer perché è quella più resistente alla digestione umana e perché contiene sei copie dei tre epitopi tossici e i suoi legami intermolecolari sono molto forti.

E’ rilevante conoscere, dunque, la quantità di questa frazione nei grani. Lo studio di cui vengono riportate alcune parti, ha esaminato 57 tipi differenti di grano, antico e moderno, rilevando come sia ampia la differenza della presenza, in tutte le farine di grano tenero e farro spelta, del 33-mer: da 90,9 a 602,6 μg / g di farina. Non è stata, invece, rilevata la sua presenza nel grano monococco e nel grano duro. Questi risultati assumono grande importanza perché consentono di poter scegliere grani con limitata o nulla presenza di questa importante frazione tossica per la realizzazione di prodotti che siano più idonei per le persone sensibili al glutine non celiache o che soffrano di disordini da glutine.

“All gluten protein fractions, namely the alcohol-soluble prolamins and the insoluble glutelins, contain CD-active epitopes3. The prolamin fraction is particularly rich in proline and glutamine and the numerous proline residues lead to a high resistance to complete proteolytic digestion by human gastric, pancreatic, and brushborder enzymes. Studies by Shan et al. (2002) showed that a large 33-mer peptide (LQLQPFPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQPF) from α2-gliadin (position in the amino acid sequence of α2-gliadin: 56–88) is resistant to cleavage by intestinal peptidases4,5. The 33-mer is widely called the most immunodominant gluten peptide4,6,7, because it contains three overlapping T-cell epitopes, namely PFPQPQLPY (DQ2.5-glia-α1a, one copy), PYPQPQLPY (DQ2.5-glia-α1b, two copies) and PQPQLPYPQ (DQ2.5-glia-α2, three copies)3, which result in the initiation of a strong immune response.

Potenziali benefici dei prodotti realizzati con il grano monococco

by luciano

La ricerca che presentiamo può essere considerata la prima valutazione integrata dei potenziali benefici, legati alle ottime proprietà nutrizionali, dell’uso per il pane e prodotti derivati del grano monococco. Sottolinea come l’utilizzo della farina integrale e della pasta acida sia essenziale per ottenere i migliori risultati in termini di sfruttamento delle potenzialità di questo grano. La scelta di questo grano è ben sintetizzata in un passaggio della ricerca: “Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) is an ancient crop. Compared to polyploid wheats it has a higher content of proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fructans, and phytochemicals as tocols, carotenoids, alkylresorcinols, phytosterols, and a lower α-, β-amylase and lipoxygenase activities [15]. In addition, einkorn expresses very few T-cell stimulatory gluten peptides [16]. Einkorn could represent a valid alternative for producing functional baked products.

“Abstract: Nowadays the high nutritional value of whole grains is recognized, and there is an increasing interest in the ancient varieties for producing wholegrain food products with enhanced nutritional characteristics. Among ancient crops, einkorn could represent a valid alternative. In this work, einkorn flours were analyzed for their content in carotenoids and in free and bound phenolic acids, and compared to wheat flours. The most promising flours were used to produce conventional and sourdough fermented breads. Breads were in vitro digested, and characterized before and after digestion. The four breads having the best characteristics were selected, and the product of their digestion was used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effect using Caco-2 cells. Our results confirm the higher carotenoid levels in einkorn than in modern wheats, and the effectiveness of sourdough fermentation in maintaining these levels, despite the longer exposure to atmospheric oxygen. Moreover, in cultured cells einkorn bread evidenced an anti-inflammatory effect, although masked by the effect of digestive fluid. This study represents the first integrated evaluation of the potential health benefit of einkorn-based bakery products compared to wheat-based ones, and contributes to our knowledge of ancient grains.

Pane realizzato con il grano monococco (piccolo farro) e i potenziali benefici per la salute

by luciano

La ricerca, di seguito riportata, ha analizzato le farine di grano monococco (piccolo farro) per il loro contenuto in carotenoidi e in acidi fenolici liberi e legati, rispetto alle farine di grano. Le farine più promettenti sono state utilizzate per produrre pane fermentato tradizionale e con pasta madre. I pani sono stati digeriti in vitro e caratterizzati prima e dopo la digestione. I risultati hanno confermato i livelli più elevati di carotenoidi nel monococco rispetto ai grani moderni e l’efficacia della fermentazione a lievito naturale nel mantenimento di questi livelli. Questo studio rappresenta la prima valutazione integrata del potenziale beneficio per la salute dei prodotti da forno a base di grano monococco rispetto a quelli a base di grano moderno e contribuisce alla nostra conoscenza dei grani antichi.

Integrated Evaluation of the Potential Health Benefits of Einkorn-Based Breads
Fabiana Antognoni, Roberto Mandrioli, Alessandra Bordoni, Mattia Di Nunzio, Blanca Viadel, Elisa Gallego, María Paz Villalba, Lidia Tomás-Cobos,
Danielle Laure Taneyo Saa and Andrea Gianotti. Published: 11 November 2017

“Abstract
Nowadays the high nutritional value of whole grains is recognized, and there is an increasing interest in the ancient varieties for producing wholegrain food products with enhanced nutritional characteristics. Among ancient crops, einkorn could represent a valid alternative. In this work, einkorn flours were analyzed for their content in carotenoids and in free and bound phenolic acids, and compared to wheat flours. The most promising flours were used to produce conventional and sourdough fermented breads. Breads were in vitro digested, and characterized before and after digestion. The four breads having the best characteristics were selected, and the product of their digestion was used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effect using Caco-2 cells. Our results confirm the higher carotenoid levels in einkorn than in modern wheats, and the effectiveness of sourdough fermentation in maintaining these levels, despite the longer exposure to atmospheric oxygen. Moreover, in cultured cells einkorn bread evidenced an anti-inflammatory effect, although masked by the effect of digestive fluid. This study represents the first integrated evaluation of the potential health benefit of einkorn-based bakery products compared to wheat-based ones, and contributes to our knowledge of ancient grains. “
Approfondimento
Integrated Evaluation of the Potential Health Benefits of Einkorn-Based Breads. Fabiana Antognoni et altri

Grano monococco: sua caratterizzazione per la produzione di pane e biscotti in relazione alla composizione della subunità proteica

by luciano

La ricerca ha evidenziato, attraverso test per la realizzazione di pane e biscotti, le migliori varietà di monococco tra le 24 prese in esame: tra queste le varietà ID140, ID280 e Id361 sono risultate le migliori per entrambi gli usi.

La ricerca riporta anche come, per le proprietà reologiche delle farine sia importante la presenza o assenza di un numero molto limitato di subunità della proteina di riserva evidenziando l’importanza delle LMW-GS (glutenine a basso peso molecolare) nella qualità della panificazione “.

Einkorn Characterization for Bread and Cookie Production in Relation to Protein Subunit Composition M. Corbellini, S. Empilli, P. Vaccino, A. Brandolini, B. Borghi, M. Heun, and F. Salamini. Cereal Chem. 76(5):727–733

Abstract
“Twenty-four einkorns were evaluated for agronomic traits in Italy and in Germany in replicated plot trials. After dehulling and milling, the harvested kernels, flour protein content, sedimentation volume, falling number, carotenoid, and dry gluten content were determined. Farinograph profiles were obtained with a farinograph and baking and cookie quality were evaluated with standard microtests. Significant differences in yield potential were observed between the two locations, with a three-fold increase in Germany as compared with Italy. One of the einkorn lines (ID529) had farinograph stability and degree of softening indices better than those of the control bread wheat. All the samples analyzed for breadmaking aptitude showed some degree of stickiness, but it was possible to handle the dough during the different steps of breadmaking. On average, cookies produced with einkorn flour were larger in diameter and thinner than those produced with soft wheat flour. The composition in α, β and γ-gliadins and in high molecular weight glutenin subunits was similar in all the lines. In contrast, the pattern exhibited in low molecular weight glutenin subunits correlated strictly with baking quality. In particular, the lines with bands arbitrarily designated a and b showed a high breadmaking poten- tial, while the lines lacking these bands had an ample range of variability but, on average, a much lower baking potential. Our data point to a simple genetic control of the breadmaking aptitude and indicate einkorn not only as a promising source of specialty foods but also as an ideal species for genetic investigations on wheat quality”.

NOTE:
LMW-GS: Glutenine a basso peso molecolare

Tabella estratta dalla ricerca:

Caratterizzazione elettroforetica delle proteine di riserva: glutenine e gliadine. Esse rappresentano, con le diverse rispettive bande, l’impronta genetica che ne definisce ed individua la varietà. (Tabella estratta dalla ricerca)

Le omega gliadine codificate dal genoma B1 del frumento exaploide possono anche ospitare epitopi della grave allergia alimentare WDEIA.

by luciano

“Omega-5 gliadins are a group of highly repetitive gluten proteins in wheat flour encoded on the 1B chromosome of hexaploid wheat. These proteins are the major sensitizing allergens in a severe form of food allergy called wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA). The elimination of omega-5 gliadins from wheat flour through biotechnology or breeding approaches could reduce the immunogenic potential and adverse health effects of the flour. Susan B. Altenbach et al. BMC Plant Biology volume 18, Article number: 291 (2018)”

 

Il grano monococco ne è privo, vedi articolo : assenza della ω-5 gliadin nel monococco